{
  "dataflow": "OECD.ENV.EPI.DSD_ECH@EXT_DROUGHT_H",
  "dataset_title": "Historical exposure to drought",
  "dataset_description": "The dataset provides annual anomalies in land and cropland soil moisture content of the top soil layer (0 to 7 cm) compared to the reference period 1981-2010. Exposure indicators to drought have been prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Please see the <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1787/da074cb6-en\">working paper</a> for a more complete description of the methods.\n\n<br><br>The datasets span the period 1981-2024 and is the result of the use of a variety of geospatial data sources, including the ERA5-Land averaged monthly data of volumetric soil moisture and ESA CCI land cover data. Average anomalies have been calculated for both land and cropland exposure to drought. The dataset has a global coverage on a national level; on the sub-national TL2 level (i.e. large subnational regions) results are reported for all OECD countries as well as for Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa. A number of aggregates are included: Euro area, European Union, Advanced economies, Emerging market economies, G7, G20, OECD, OECD Europe, OECD Asia Oceania, OECD Americas and the LAC region.\n\n<br><br><b>Data source(s)</b>: <a href=\"https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/\">Copernicus Climate Change Initiative</a> land cover data and <a href=\"https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/home\">Copernicus Climate Data Store</a> monthly soil moisture data based on the <a href=\"https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/ECMWF_ERA5_LAND_DAILY_AGGR?hl=fr\">ERA5-Land reanalysis</a> dataset.<br>\n\n<br><br><b>Contact</b>: <a href=\"ENV.Stat@oecd.org\">ENV.Stat@oecd.org</a>",
  "fields": {
    "REF_AREA": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "REF_AREA",
      "label": "Reference area",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_REGIONAL"
    },
    "FREQ": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "FREQ",
      "label": "Frequency of observation",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_FREQ"
    },
    "MEASURE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "MEASURE",
      "label": "Measure",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_MEASURE"
    },
    "UNIT_MEASURE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "UNIT_MEASURE",
      "label": "Unit of measure",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_UNIT_MEASURE"
    },
    "DURATION": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "DURATION",
      "label": "Duration",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_DURATION"
    },
    "TEMP_THRESHOLD": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "TEMP_THRESHOLD",
      "label": "Temperature thresholds",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_TEMP_THRESHOLD"
    },
    "RET_PERIOD": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "RET_PERIOD",
      "label": "Return periods",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_RET_PERIOD"
    },
    "HURRICANE_WIND_SCALE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "HURRICANE_WIND_SCALE",
      "label": "Hurricane wind scale thresholds",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_WIND_SPEED"
    },
    "CLIMATE_SCENARIO": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "CLIMATE_SCENARIO",
      "label": "Climate scenario",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_CLIMATE_SCENARIO"
    },
    "TIME_HORIZ": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "TIME_HORIZ",
      "label": "Time horizon",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_TIME_HORIZ"
    },
    "STATISTICAL_OPERATION": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "STATISTICAL_OPERATION",
      "label": "Statistical operation",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_STATISTICAL_OPERATION"
    },
    "ANOMALY": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "ANOMALY",
      "label": "Anomaly",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_ANOMALY"
    },
    "TIME_PERIOD": {
      "type": "time",
      "label": "Time period",
      "description": "Observation time period"
    },
    "OBS_STATUS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "OBS_STATUS",
      "label": "Observation status",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_OBS_STATUS"
    },
    "UNIT_MULT": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "UNIT_MULT",
      "label": "Unit multiplier",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_UNIT_MULT"
    },
    "DECIMALS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "DECIMALS",
      "label": "Decimals",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_DECIMALS"
    },
    "BASE_PER": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "BASE_PER",
      "label": "Climate reference period",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": null
    },
    "ROBUSTNESS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "ROBUSTNESS",
      "label": "Robust change",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": null
    },
    "OBS_VALUE": {
      "type": "measure",
      "concept": "OBS_VALUE",
      "label": "Observation value",
      "description": ""
    }
  },
  "codelists": {
    "CL_MEASURE": {
      "TEMP_C": "Annual temperature change",
      "DA_TEMP_C": "Mean number of days with above average temperatures",
      "DB_TEMP_C": "Mean number of days with below-average temperatures",
      "HD_POP_IND": "Population exposure to hot summer days",
      "TN_POP_IND": "Population exposure to tropical nights",
      "HD_TN_POP_IND": "Population exposure to days identified to be a hot summer day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_POP_IND": "Mean population exposure to heat stress",
      "ID_POP_IND": "Population exposure to icing days",
      "EP_CHANGE": "Annual precipitation change",
      "EP_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "99PT_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to extreme precipitation events",
      "99PT_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to extreme precipitation events",
      "ED_LAND_IND": "Land soil moisture anomaly",
      "ED_CROP_IND": "Cropland soil moisture anomaly",
      "BURN_LAND_IND": "Amount of burned area",
      "FT_POP_IND": "Population exposure to areas at risk of burning",
      "FT_FORE_IND": "Forest exposure to areas at risk of burning",
      "W_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to violent storms",
      "W_POP_IND": "Population exposure to violent storms",
      "W_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to violent storms",
      "CY_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_POP_IND": "Population exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "RF_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_POP_IND": "Population exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to river flooding",
      "CF_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_POP_IND": "Population exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to coastal flooding",
      "TEMP_CHANGE": "Annual temperature change",
      "HD_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to hot days",
      "TN_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to tropical nights",
      "HD_TN_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to days identified to be a hot day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_POP_EXP": "Mean population exposure to heat stress",
      "ID_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to icing days",
      "EP_LAND_EXP": "Land exposure to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "99PT_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to extreme precipitation events",
      "99PT_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to extreme precipitation events",
      "ED_LAND_ANOM": "Land soil moisture anomaly",
      "ED_CROP_ANOM": "Cropland soil moisture anomaly",
      "BURN_LAND_AREA": "Amount of burned area",
      "FT_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to areas at risk of burning",
      "FT_FORE_EXP": "Forest share exposed to areas at risk of burning",
      "W_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to violent storms",
      "W_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to violent storms",
      "W_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to violent storms",
      "CY_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "RF_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to river flooding",
      "CF_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "TEMP": "Land surface temperature",
      "HD": "Number of hot days",
      "HD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of hot days",
      "HD_LW_EXP": "Livestock-weighted number of hot days",
      "TN": "Number of tropical nights",
      "TN_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of tropical nights",
      "HD_TN": "Number of hot day and tropical night",
      "HD_TN_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of hot day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of heat stress days",
      "ID": "Number of icing days",
      "ID_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of icing days",
      "HDD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted heating degree days",
      "CDD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted cooling degree days",
      "CP": "Cumulative precipitation",
      "R20MM": "Number of very heavy precipitation days",
      "R20MM_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "RX1DAY": "Average highest 1-day precipitation amount",
      "RX5DAY": "Average highest 5-day cumulative precipitation amount",
      "SPEI": "Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index",
      "SPEI_CROP_EXP": "Mean cropland exposure to Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index",
      "CDD": "Maximum number of consecutive dry days",
      "CDD_CROP_EXP": "Mean cropland exposure to maximum number of consecutive dry days"
    },
    "CL_DURATION": {
      "W_GT_2": "over 2 weeks",
      "W_GT_8": "over 8 weeks",
      "W_LT_1": "less than 1 week",
      "W_LT_2": "less than 2 weeks",
      "W1T2": "from 1 to 2 weeks",
      "W2T4": "from 2 to 4 weeks",
      "W4T6": "from 4 to 6 weeks",
      "W6T8": "from 6 to 8 weeks",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_TEMP_THRESHOLD": {
      "H_20": "Temperature threshold (20°C)",
      "H_26": "Temperature threshold (26°C)",
      "H_30": "Temperature threshold (30°C)",
      "H_32": "Temperature threshold (32°C)",
      "H_35": "Temperature threshold (35°C)",
      "H_38": "Temperature threshold (38°C)",
      "H_40": "Temperature threshold (40°C)",
      "H_46": "Temperature threshold (46°C)",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_RET_PERIOD": {
      "Y_10": "10 years",
      "Y_20": "20 years",
      "Y_25": "25 years",
      "Y_50": "50 years",
      "Y_100": "100 years",
      "Y_250": "250 years",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_WIND_SPEED": {
      "WS_119": "Hurricane category one, some damage",
      "WS_154": "Hurricane category two, extensive damage",
      "WS_178": "Hurricane category three, devastating damage",
      "WS_209": "Hurricane category four, catastrophic damage",
      "WS_252": "Hurricane category five, catastrophic damage",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_CLIMATE_SCENARIO": {
      "H": "Baseline projection",
      "SSP119": "Very low-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1-1.9)",
      "SSP126": "Low-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1-2.6)",
      "SSP245": "Intermediate-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 2-4.5)",
      "SSP370": "High-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 3-7.0)",
      "SSP585": "Very high-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 5-8.5)",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_ANOMALY": {
      "STA": "Standard value",
      "ANO": "Anomaly value",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    }
  }
}