{
  "dataflow": "OECD.ENV.EPI.DSD_ECH@EXT_PREC_H",
  "dataset_title": "Historical exposure to extreme precipitation",
  "dataset_description": "The dataset provides a global assessment of changes in average precipitation by providing the precipitation anomaly and provides a global assessment of extreme precipitation through the use of two precipitation indices, i.e. very heavy precipitation days and frequency of extreme precipitation events. Exposure indicators to extreme precipitation have been prepared jointly by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Energy Agency (IEA). Please see the <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1787/da074cb6-en\">working paper</a> for a more complete description of the methods.\n\n<br><br>The datasets span the period 1979-2024, depending on data availability and are the result of the use of a variety of geospatial data sources as referenced in the Working Paper. The dataset has a global coverage on a national level; on the sub-national TL2 level (i.e. large subnational regions) results are reported for all OECD countries as well as for Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa. A number of aggregates are included: Euro area, European Union, Advanced economies, Emerging market economies, G7, G20, OECD, OECD Europe, OECD Asia Oceania, OECD Americas and the LAC region.\n\n<br><br><b>Data source(s)</b>: <a href=\"https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/home\">Copernicus Climate Data Store</a> precipitation data (ERA5) and <a href=\"https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/\">Copernicus Climate Change Initiative</a> land cover data.\n\n<br><br><b>Contact</b>: <a href=\"ENV.Stat@oecd.org\">ENV.Stat@oecd.org</a>",
  "fields": {
    "REF_AREA": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "REF_AREA",
      "label": "Reference area",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_REGIONAL"
    },
    "FREQ": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "FREQ",
      "label": "Frequency of observation",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_FREQ"
    },
    "MEASURE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "MEASURE",
      "label": "Measure",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_MEASURE"
    },
    "UNIT_MEASURE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "UNIT_MEASURE",
      "label": "Unit of measure",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_UNIT_MEASURE"
    },
    "DURATION": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "DURATION",
      "label": "Duration",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_DURATION"
    },
    "TEMP_THRESHOLD": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "TEMP_THRESHOLD",
      "label": "Temperature thresholds",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_TEMP_THRESHOLD"
    },
    "RET_PERIOD": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "RET_PERIOD",
      "label": "Return periods",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_RET_PERIOD"
    },
    "HURRICANE_WIND_SCALE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "HURRICANE_WIND_SCALE",
      "label": "Hurricane wind scale thresholds",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_WIND_SPEED"
    },
    "CLIMATE_SCENARIO": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "CLIMATE_SCENARIO",
      "label": "Climate scenario",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_CLIMATE_SCENARIO"
    },
    "TIME_HORIZ": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "TIME_HORIZ",
      "label": "Time horizon",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_TIME_HORIZ"
    },
    "STATISTICAL_OPERATION": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "STATISTICAL_OPERATION",
      "label": "Statistical operation",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_STATISTICAL_OPERATION"
    },
    "ANOMALY": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "ANOMALY",
      "label": "Anomaly",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_ANOMALY"
    },
    "TIME_PERIOD": {
      "type": "time",
      "label": "Time period",
      "description": "Observation time period"
    },
    "OBS_STATUS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "OBS_STATUS",
      "label": "Observation status",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_OBS_STATUS"
    },
    "UNIT_MULT": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "UNIT_MULT",
      "label": "Unit multiplier",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_UNIT_MULT"
    },
    "DECIMALS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "DECIMALS",
      "label": "Decimals",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_DECIMALS"
    },
    "BASE_PER": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "BASE_PER",
      "label": "Climate reference period",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": null
    },
    "ROBUSTNESS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "ROBUSTNESS",
      "label": "Robust change",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": null
    },
    "OBS_VALUE": {
      "type": "measure",
      "concept": "OBS_VALUE",
      "label": "Observation value",
      "description": ""
    }
  },
  "codelists": {
    "CL_MEASURE": {
      "TEMP_C": "Annual temperature change",
      "DA_TEMP_C": "Mean number of days with above average temperatures",
      "DB_TEMP_C": "Mean number of days with below-average temperatures",
      "HD_POP_IND": "Population exposure to hot summer days",
      "TN_POP_IND": "Population exposure to tropical nights",
      "HD_TN_POP_IND": "Population exposure to days identified to be a hot summer day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_POP_IND": "Mean population exposure to heat stress",
      "ID_POP_IND": "Population exposure to icing days",
      "EP_CHANGE": "Annual precipitation change",
      "EP_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "99PT_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to extreme precipitation events",
      "99PT_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to extreme precipitation events",
      "ED_LAND_IND": "Land soil moisture anomaly",
      "ED_CROP_IND": "Cropland soil moisture anomaly",
      "BURN_LAND_IND": "Amount of burned area",
      "FT_POP_IND": "Population exposure to areas at risk of burning",
      "FT_FORE_IND": "Forest exposure to areas at risk of burning",
      "W_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to violent storms",
      "W_POP_IND": "Population exposure to violent storms",
      "W_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to violent storms",
      "CY_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_POP_IND": "Population exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "RF_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_POP_IND": "Population exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to river flooding",
      "CF_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_POP_IND": "Population exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to coastal flooding",
      "TEMP_CHANGE": "Annual temperature change",
      "HD_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to hot days",
      "TN_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to tropical nights",
      "HD_TN_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to days identified to be a hot day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_POP_EXP": "Mean population exposure to heat stress",
      "ID_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to icing days",
      "EP_LAND_EXP": "Land exposure to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "99PT_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to extreme precipitation events",
      "99PT_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to extreme precipitation events",
      "ED_LAND_ANOM": "Land soil moisture anomaly",
      "ED_CROP_ANOM": "Cropland soil moisture anomaly",
      "BURN_LAND_AREA": "Amount of burned area",
      "FT_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to areas at risk of burning",
      "FT_FORE_EXP": "Forest share exposed to areas at risk of burning",
      "W_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to violent storms",
      "W_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to violent storms",
      "W_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to violent storms",
      "CY_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "RF_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to river flooding",
      "CF_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "TEMP": "Land surface temperature",
      "HD": "Number of hot days",
      "HD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of hot days",
      "HD_LW_EXP": "Livestock-weighted number of hot days",
      "TN": "Number of tropical nights",
      "TN_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of tropical nights",
      "HD_TN": "Number of hot day and tropical night",
      "HD_TN_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of hot day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of heat stress days",
      "ID": "Number of icing days",
      "ID_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of icing days",
      "HDD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted heating degree days",
      "CDD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted cooling degree days",
      "CP": "Cumulative precipitation",
      "R20MM": "Number of very heavy precipitation days",
      "R20MM_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "RX1DAY": "Average highest 1-day precipitation amount",
      "RX5DAY": "Average highest 5-day cumulative precipitation amount",
      "SPEI": "Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index",
      "SPEI_CROP_EXP": "Mean cropland exposure to Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index",
      "CDD": "Maximum number of consecutive dry days",
      "CDD_CROP_EXP": "Mean cropland exposure to maximum number of consecutive dry days"
    },
    "CL_DURATION": {
      "W_GT_2": "over 2 weeks",
      "W_GT_8": "over 8 weeks",
      "W_LT_1": "less than 1 week",
      "W_LT_2": "less than 2 weeks",
      "W1T2": "from 1 to 2 weeks",
      "W2T4": "from 2 to 4 weeks",
      "W4T6": "from 4 to 6 weeks",
      "W6T8": "from 6 to 8 weeks",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_TEMP_THRESHOLD": {
      "H_20": "Temperature threshold (20°C)",
      "H_26": "Temperature threshold (26°C)",
      "H_30": "Temperature threshold (30°C)",
      "H_32": "Temperature threshold (32°C)",
      "H_35": "Temperature threshold (35°C)",
      "H_38": "Temperature threshold (38°C)",
      "H_40": "Temperature threshold (40°C)",
      "H_46": "Temperature threshold (46°C)",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_RET_PERIOD": {
      "Y_10": "10 years",
      "Y_20": "20 years",
      "Y_25": "25 years",
      "Y_50": "50 years",
      "Y_100": "100 years",
      "Y_250": "250 years",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_WIND_SPEED": {
      "WS_119": "Hurricane category one, some damage",
      "WS_154": "Hurricane category two, extensive damage",
      "WS_178": "Hurricane category three, devastating damage",
      "WS_209": "Hurricane category four, catastrophic damage",
      "WS_252": "Hurricane category five, catastrophic damage",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_CLIMATE_SCENARIO": {
      "H": "Baseline projection",
      "SSP119": "Very low-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1-1.9)",
      "SSP126": "Low-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1-2.6)",
      "SSP245": "Intermediate-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 2-4.5)",
      "SSP370": "High-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 3-7.0)",
      "SSP585": "Very high-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 5-8.5)",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_ANOMALY": {
      "STA": "Standard value",
      "ANO": "Anomaly value",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    }
  }
}