{
  "dataflow": "OECD.ENV.EPI.DSD_ECH@EXT_PREC_P",
  "dataset_title": "Projected exposure to extreme precipitation",
  "dataset_description": "The dataset provides a global assessment of projected changes in average precipitation by providing forward-looking indicators on cumulative precipitation across five climate scenarios. The dataset also provides a global assessment of projected changes to extreme precipitation using a variety of climate indices such as very heavy precipitation days, average largest 1-day precipitation and the average largest 5-day cumulative precipitation. Please see the <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1787/b9ba6ee0-en\">working paper</a> for a more complete description of the methods.\n\n<br><br>The dataset spans the period 2015-2100 and provides anomaly estimates for the future time periods of 2020-2039, 2040-2059, 2060-2079 and 2080-2099, which are typically referred to by their midpoints as the 2030s, 2050s, 2070s and 2090s. The available climate scenarios include four Tier-1 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) that range from low to very high-emissions scenarios (i.e. SSP 1-2.6 [low], SSP 2-4.5 [intermediate], SSP 3-7.0 [high] and SSP 5-8.5 [very high]) and an additional very low-emissions scenario (i.e. Tier-2 SSP 1-1.9).\n\n<br><br>The dataset has a global coverage on a national level. On the sub-national OECD TL2 level, results are reported for all OECD countries as well as Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Albania, Romania, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, Cyprus, Malta, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Russia, India, Guatemala, South Africa, Tunisia, Indonesia and China. On the sub-national OECD TL3 level, results are reported for all OECD countries as well as Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Cyprus, North Macedonia, Liechtenstein, Malta and Serbia. A number of aggregates are further included: Euro area, European Union, Advanced economies, Emerging market economies, G7, G20, OECD, OECD Europe, OECD Asia Oceania, OECD Americas and the LAC region.\n\n<br><br><b>Data source(s)</b>:  The indicator methodology and the underlying data sources are discussed in the OECD working paper <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1787/b9ba6ee0-en\">Maes et al. (2025)</a>. The primary data sources include projected precipitation data from the <a href=\"https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/\">Climate Change Knowledge Portal</a>.\n \n<br><br><b>Contact</b>: <a href=\"ENV.Stat@oecd.org\">ENV.Stat@oecd.org</a>",
  "fields": {
    "REF_AREA": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "REF_AREA",
      "label": "Reference area",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_REGIONAL"
    },
    "FREQ": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "FREQ",
      "label": "Frequency of observation",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_FREQ"
    },
    "MEASURE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "MEASURE",
      "label": "Measure",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_MEASURE"
    },
    "UNIT_MEASURE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "UNIT_MEASURE",
      "label": "Unit of measure",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_UNIT_MEASURE"
    },
    "DURATION": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "DURATION",
      "label": "Duration",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_DURATION"
    },
    "TEMP_THRESHOLD": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "TEMP_THRESHOLD",
      "label": "Temperature thresholds",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_TEMP_THRESHOLD"
    },
    "RET_PERIOD": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "RET_PERIOD",
      "label": "Return periods",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_RET_PERIOD"
    },
    "HURRICANE_WIND_SCALE": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "HURRICANE_WIND_SCALE",
      "label": "Hurricane wind scale thresholds",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_WIND_SPEED"
    },
    "CLIMATE_SCENARIO": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "CLIMATE_SCENARIO",
      "label": "Climate scenario",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_CLIMATE_SCENARIO"
    },
    "TIME_HORIZ": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "TIME_HORIZ",
      "label": "Time horizon",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_TIME_HORIZ"
    },
    "STATISTICAL_OPERATION": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "STATISTICAL_OPERATION",
      "label": "Statistical operation",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_STATISTICAL_OPERATION"
    },
    "ANOMALY": {
      "type": "dimension",
      "concept": "ANOMALY",
      "label": "Anomaly",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_ANOMALY"
    },
    "TIME_PERIOD": {
      "type": "time",
      "label": "Time period",
      "description": "Observation time period"
    },
    "OBS_STATUS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "OBS_STATUS",
      "label": "Observation status",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_OBS_STATUS"
    },
    "UNIT_MULT": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "UNIT_MULT",
      "label": "Unit multiplier",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_UNIT_MULT"
    },
    "DECIMALS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "DECIMALS",
      "label": "Decimals",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": "CL_DECIMALS"
    },
    "BASE_PER": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "BASE_PER",
      "label": "Climate reference period",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": null
    },
    "ROBUSTNESS": {
      "type": "attribute",
      "concept": "ROBUSTNESS",
      "label": "Robust change",
      "description": "",
      "codelist": null
    },
    "OBS_VALUE": {
      "type": "measure",
      "concept": "OBS_VALUE",
      "label": "Observation value",
      "description": ""
    }
  },
  "codelists": {
    "CL_MEASURE": {
      "TEMP_C": "Annual temperature change",
      "DA_TEMP_C": "Mean number of days with above average temperatures",
      "DB_TEMP_C": "Mean number of days with below-average temperatures",
      "HD_POP_IND": "Population exposure to hot summer days",
      "TN_POP_IND": "Population exposure to tropical nights",
      "HD_TN_POP_IND": "Population exposure to days identified to be a hot summer day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_POP_IND": "Mean population exposure to heat stress",
      "ID_POP_IND": "Population exposure to icing days",
      "EP_CHANGE": "Annual precipitation change",
      "EP_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "99PT_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to extreme precipitation events",
      "99PT_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to extreme precipitation events",
      "ED_LAND_IND": "Land soil moisture anomaly",
      "ED_CROP_IND": "Cropland soil moisture anomaly",
      "BURN_LAND_IND": "Amount of burned area",
      "FT_POP_IND": "Population exposure to areas at risk of burning",
      "FT_FORE_IND": "Forest exposure to areas at risk of burning",
      "W_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to violent storms",
      "W_POP_IND": "Population exposure to violent storms",
      "W_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to violent storms",
      "CY_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_POP_IND": "Population exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to cyclone wind threats",
      "RF_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_POP_IND": "Population exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to river flooding",
      "RF_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to river flooding",
      "CF_LAND_IND": "Land exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_POP_IND": "Population exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_BUILT_IND": "Built-up area exposure to coastal flooding",
      "CF_CROP_IND": "Cropland exposure to coastal flooding",
      "TEMP_CHANGE": "Annual temperature change",
      "HD_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to hot days",
      "TN_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to tropical nights",
      "HD_TN_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to days identified to be a hot day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_POP_EXP": "Mean population exposure to heat stress",
      "ID_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to icing days",
      "EP_LAND_EXP": "Land exposure to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "99PT_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to extreme precipitation events",
      "99PT_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to extreme precipitation events",
      "ED_LAND_ANOM": "Land soil moisture anomaly",
      "ED_CROP_ANOM": "Cropland soil moisture anomaly",
      "BURN_LAND_AREA": "Amount of burned area",
      "FT_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to areas at risk of burning",
      "FT_FORE_EXP": "Forest share exposed to areas at risk of burning",
      "W_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to violent storms",
      "W_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to violent storms",
      "W_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to violent storms",
      "CY_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "CY_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to cyclone wind threats",
      "RF_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to river flooding",
      "RF_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to river flooding",
      "CF_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_POP_EXP": "Population share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_BUILT_EXP": "Built-up area share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "CF_CROP_EXP": "Cropland share exposed to coastal flooding",
      "TEMP": "Land surface temperature",
      "HD": "Number of hot days",
      "HD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of hot days",
      "HD_LW_EXP": "Livestock-weighted number of hot days",
      "TN": "Number of tropical nights",
      "TN_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of tropical nights",
      "HD_TN": "Number of hot day and tropical night",
      "HD_TN_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of hot day and tropical night",
      "UTCI_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of heat stress days",
      "ID": "Number of icing days",
      "ID_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted number of icing days",
      "HDD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted heating degree days",
      "CDD_PW_EXP": "Population-weighted cooling degree days",
      "CP": "Cumulative precipitation",
      "R20MM": "Number of very heavy precipitation days",
      "R20MM_LAND_EXP": "Land share exposed to days with very heavy precipitation",
      "RX1DAY": "Average highest 1-day precipitation amount",
      "RX5DAY": "Average highest 5-day cumulative precipitation amount",
      "SPEI": "Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index",
      "SPEI_CROP_EXP": "Mean cropland exposure to Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index",
      "CDD": "Maximum number of consecutive dry days",
      "CDD_CROP_EXP": "Mean cropland exposure to maximum number of consecutive dry days"
    },
    "CL_DURATION": {
      "W_GT_2": "over 2 weeks",
      "W_GT_8": "over 8 weeks",
      "W_LT_1": "less than 1 week",
      "W_LT_2": "less than 2 weeks",
      "W1T2": "from 1 to 2 weeks",
      "W2T4": "from 2 to 4 weeks",
      "W4T6": "from 4 to 6 weeks",
      "W6T8": "from 6 to 8 weeks",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_TEMP_THRESHOLD": {
      "H_20": "Temperature threshold (20°C)",
      "H_26": "Temperature threshold (26°C)",
      "H_30": "Temperature threshold (30°C)",
      "H_32": "Temperature threshold (32°C)",
      "H_35": "Temperature threshold (35°C)",
      "H_38": "Temperature threshold (38°C)",
      "H_40": "Temperature threshold (40°C)",
      "H_46": "Temperature threshold (46°C)",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_RET_PERIOD": {
      "Y_10": "10 years",
      "Y_20": "20 years",
      "Y_25": "25 years",
      "Y_50": "50 years",
      "Y_100": "100 years",
      "Y_250": "250 years",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_WIND_SPEED": {
      "WS_119": "Hurricane category one, some damage",
      "WS_154": "Hurricane category two, extensive damage",
      "WS_178": "Hurricane category three, devastating damage",
      "WS_209": "Hurricane category four, catastrophic damage",
      "WS_252": "Hurricane category five, catastrophic damage",
      "_T": "Total",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_CLIMATE_SCENARIO": {
      "H": "Baseline projection",
      "SSP119": "Very low-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1-1.9)",
      "SSP126": "Low-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1-2.6)",
      "SSP245": "Intermediate-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 2-4.5)",
      "SSP370": "High-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 3-7.0)",
      "SSP585": "Very high-emissions scenario (Shared Socio-economic Pathway 5-8.5)",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    },
    "CL_ANOMALY": {
      "STA": "Standard value",
      "ANO": "Anomaly value",
      "_Z": "Not applicable"
    }
  }
}