Pursuant to the Qantas Sale Act 1992, at least two‑thirds of the directors and the director presiding at the meeting of the board of directors of Qantas, a privately owned flag carrier, are to be Australian citizens. The Air Navigation Act 1920 and Air Navigation Regulation 2016 do not contain similar provisions regarding the board of directors of (other) Australian international carriers. However, according to Government sources (see: Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications; Australian Business Licence and Information Service), Australian based airlines must have Australian citizens as at least two-thirds of the board members, in addition to the board chairperson, to be eligible for an International Airline License, required for operating scheduled international air services into or out of Australian territory.
"7 Qantas' articles of association to include certain provisions
(1) The articles of association of Qantas must, on and from the day on which Qantas first becomes aware that a person, other than the Commonwealth or a nominee of the Commonwealth, has acquired voting shares in Qantas: [...]
 (i) require that, at all times, at least two‑thirds of the directors of Qantas are to be Australian citizens; and
 (j) require that, at a meeting of the board of directors of Qantas, the director presiding at the meeting (however described) must be an Australian citizen; and[...]" (Qantas Sale Act 1992 (No. 196 of 1992), last amended on 05 April 2018, Section 7)
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"11A Foreign shareholdings in Australian international airlines
 (1) The Minister may, by written notice, require an Australian international airline:
 (a) to give to the Minister such information as is specified in the notice concerning the extent (if any) to which foreign persons have relevant interests in shares in the Australian international airline; or
 (b) if foreign persons have relevant interests in shares in the Australian international airline that represent, in total, more than 49% of the total value of the issued share capital of the Australian international airline—to take all necessary action to ensure that its constitution complies with subsection (2).
 (2) The constitution of an Australian international airline complies with this subsection if it:
 (a) imposes restrictions on the issue and ownership (including joint ownership) of shares in the Australian international airline so as to prevent foreign persons having relevant interests in shares in the Australian international airline that represent, in total, more than 49% of the total value of the issued share capital of the Australian international airline; and
 (c) confers the following powers on the directors of the Australian international airline to enable the directors to enforce the restrictions referred to in paragraph (a):
 (i) the power to do anything necessary to effect the transfer of shares held by a person;
 (ii) the power to remove or limit the right of a person to exercise voting rights attached to voting shares;
 (iii) the power to end the appointment of a person to the office of director of the Australian international airline.
 (3) For the purposes of this section, a person has a relevant interest in a share if, and only if, the person would be taken to have a relevant interest in the share for the purposes of the Corporations Act 2001 if paragraph 608(3)(a) of that Act were disregarded.
 (4) In this section:
another country includes any region:
 (a) that is part of a foreign country; or
 (b) that is under the protection of a foreign country; or
 (c) for whose international relations a foreign country is responsible.
Australian international airline means an international airline (other than Qantas) that may be permitted to carry passengers or freight, or both passengers and freight, under a bilateral arrangement as an airline designated by Australia to operate a scheduled international air service.
Australian person means:
 (a) an individual who is an Australian citizen or is ordinarily resident in Australia; or
 (b) the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory; or
 (c) a person who is a nominee of the Commonwealth or of a State or a Territory; or
 (d) a Commonwealth, State or Territory authority; or
 (e) a person who is a nominee of a Commonwealth, State or Territory authority; or
 (f) a local government body (whether incorporated or not) formed by or under a law of a State or a Territory; or
 (g) a person who is a nominee of a local government body referred to in paragraph (f); or
 (h) a body corporate that:
 (i) is incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or a Territory; and
 (ii) is substantially owned and effectively controlled by persons referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) or (i); or
 (i) a person in the capacity of a trustee, or manager, of a fund in which the total interests (if any) of persons referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) or (h) represent 60% or more of the total interests in the fund.
bilateral arrangement means an agreement or arrangement between:
 (a) Australia, or an entity or organisation nominated or otherwise similarly authorised by Australia to enter into the agreement or arrangement; and
 (b) another country;
under which the carriage by air of passengers or freight
(or both) is permitted.
foreign airline means an air transport enterprise other than:
 (a) an Australian international airline; or
 (b) Qantas; or
 (c) an air transport enterprise offering or operating an air service solely within Australian territory.
foreign person means:
 (a) a foreign airline; or
 (b) a person (other than a foreign airline) who is not an Australian person.
Qantas means Qantas Airways Limited, as the company exists from time to time (even if its name is later changed).
share, in relation to a body corporate, means a share in the body's share capital.
voting share has the same meaning as in the Corporations Act 2001.[...]" (Air Navigation Act 1920 (No. 50 of 1920), last amended 21 October 2016, Section 11A)
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"Part 3—Licensing of scheduled international air services
Division 1—Purpose
13 Purpose of this Part
 For section 13 of the Act, this Part makes provision in relation to the licensing of scheduled international air services operated over, into or out of Australian territory.
Division 2—Applying for a licence
14 Applying for a licence
 (1) A person may apply, in writing, to the Secretary for the grant of an international airline licence in relation to a scheduled international air service.
 (2) Subject to subsection (4), the application must include the following:
 (a) the applicant's name and address;
 (b) the applicant's contact telephone number in Australia;
 (c) if the applicant is a corporation:
 (i) if the corporation is incorporated in Australia—its ACN and the address of its registered office; and
 (ii) if the corporation is not incorporated in Australia—its business registration details and the address of its corporate headquarters; and
 (iii) evidence of its place of incorporation and corporate existence; and
 (iv) if paragraph (d) does not apply to the applicant—evidence of the corporation's ownership and control arrangements;
 (d) if the applicant is an airline of a relevant foreign country and subject to principal place of business arrangements under an agreement operating between the country and Australia—evidence of one or more of the following:
 (i) substantial operations and capital investment in facilities of the corporation in the relevant foreign country;
 (ii) payment of tax by the corporation in that country;
 (iii) registration of the corporation's aircraft in that country;
 (iv) that a substantial proportion of the corporation's employees are citizens of that country;
 (e) evidence of insurance coverage for the scheduled international air service in relation to:
 (i) passenger liability; and
 (ii) third party liability; and
 (iii) cargo and baggage liability; and
 (iv) liability for injury and loss as a result of active hostilities or civil unrest;
 (f) a copy of the relevant Air Operator's Certificate for the scheduled international air service issued under Division 2 of Part III of the Civil Aviation Act 1988;
 (g) evidence of the relevant transport security program for the scheduled international air service approved under Part 2 of the Aviation Transport Security Act 2004;
 (h) if the applicant is an Australian carrier within the meaning of the International Air Services Commission Act 1992—details of the applicant's capacity, as allocated by the International Air Services Commission;
 (i) details of the scheduled international air services to be covered by the licence, including the type of aircraft to be used for each service;
 (j) any other information that the Secretary requests in writing.
Division 3—Grant of a licence
15 Matters to be taken into account
 In making a decision on an application made under section 14, the Secretary may take into account:
 (a) anything in the application, or in any other document, submitted by the applicant to the Secretary; and
 (b) any other matter the Secretary considers relevant.
16 Granting a licence
 (1) The Secretary must make a decision on an application made under section 14.
 (2) The Secretary may grant an international airline licence to an applicant in relation to a scheduled international air service for:
 (a) Australian international carriage; or
 (b) air transport services by an airline of a relevant foreign country.
 (3) If the Secretary grants the licence, the Secretary must do so in the approved form.
 (4) If the Secretary grants the licence, the Secretary may do so subject to conditions.
[...]
19 Licence conditions
 (1) The following conditions apply to an international airline licence:
 (a) the licence holder must continue to maintain a contact telephone number in Australia;
 (b) the licence holder must provide the Secretary with compliance declarations in accordance with section 24;
 (c) if the Secretary gives the licence holder a written notice under subsection 24(3), or otherwise requests the licence holder in writing, the licence holder must provide the following documents to the Secretary:
 (i) if the licence holder is a corporation—current evidence of its corporate existence;
 (ii) current evidence of the insurance coverage mentioned in paragraph 14(2)(e);
 (iii) a copy of the Air Operator's Certificate mentioned in paragraph 14(2)(f);
 (iv) current evidence of the transport security program mentioned in paragraph 14(2)(g);
 (d) the licence holder must comply with the following:
 (i) the Act and this instrument;
 (ii) the Air Navigation (Aircraft Noise) Regulations 2018;
 (iii) the Civil Aviation Act 1988 and any instrument made under that Act;
 (iv) the Aviation Transport Security Act 2004 and any instrument made under that Act;
 (v) the Civil Aviation (Carriers' Liability) Act 1959 and any instrument made under that Act;
 (vi) if the licence holder is Qantas—the Qantas Sale Act 1992.
 (2) The Secretary may, at any time after granting an international airline licence, impose further conditions on the licence, whether or not the licence holder has breached any existing condition of the licence.
 (3) If the Secretary proposes to impose a further condition on an international airline licence under subsection (2), the Secretary must give the licence holder notice of the proposed variation of the licence in accordance with section 21.[...]" (Air Navigation Regulation 2016 (24 March 2016), last amended on 29 March 2018, Sections 13, 14, 15, 16 and 19)
Qantas Sale Act 1992 (No. 196 of 1992), last amended on 05 April 2018, Section 7
Air Navigation Act 1920 (No. 50 of 1920), last amended 21 October 2016, Section 11A
Air Navigation Regulation 2016 (24 March 2016), last amended on 29 March 2018, Sections 13, 14, 15, 16 and 19
[<a href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00091">Act</a>],[<a href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00936">Act</a>],[<a href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018C00201">Reg</a>],[<a href="https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/international/ial/index.aspx">Guidance</a>],[<a href="https://ablis.business.gov.au/service/ag/international-airline-licence/137">Other</a>]