Only a national air transportation enterprise (empresa nacional de transporte aéreo) may operate aircraft in domestic air transportation service (cabotage) and may provide international scheduled and non-scheduled air transportation services as an Uruguayan air carrier. Only a national air works enterprise (an empresa nacional de servicios de trabajo aéreo) may operate aircraft in domestic non-transportation air services. In order to be a national air transportation or air works enterprise the company must be 51 percent owned by Uruguayan nationals domiciled in Uruguay. All crew and other personnel, including management of an empresa nacional de transporte aéreo or an empresa nacional de servicios de trabajo aéreo, must be Uruguayan nationals, unless otherwise authorized by the Dirección Nacional de Aviación Civil e Infraestructura Aeronáutica.
TITLE IV - AIRCRAFT [...]
CHAPTER II - NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION
Article 29 (Uruguayan nationality). The registration of an aircraft in the National Aircraft Registry confers Uruguayan nationality to said aircraft. This registration cancels all previous registration.
[...]
Article 32 (Requirements for registration). The owners of aircraft, to request their registration, must be domiciled in the Republic. In the case of a condominium, said condition must be verified with respect to 51% (fifty-one percent) of the co-owners whose rights exceed 51% (fifty-one percent) of the value of the aircraft. Without prejudice to the expressed domiciliary requirement, the Executive Power will regulate the other conditions that must be met by aircraft owners to register them.
Article 33 (Registration of aircraft of national companies).- Aircraft of national companies must have Uruguayan registration. However, exceptionally, in order to ensure the provision of services or for reasons of national convenience, the aeronautical authority may allow the use of foreign-registered aircraft.
[...]
TITLE VI - AERONAUTICAL PERSONNEL
CHAPTER I - GENERALITIES
Article 83 (Reserve). Only Uruguayan citizens may exercise functions on national aircraft, unless expressly provided otherwise by the competent authority.
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Article 113 (Internal air services). Internal air services will be carried out exclusively by national companies. The Aeronautical Authority may authorize domestic air services by foreign companies provided that the same rights are granted on a reciprocal basis. Unless the State operates them directly, internal air services for regular passenger, mail and cargo transport will be carried out by concessionaires and non-regular services by authorization.
[...]
Article 115 (International air services by foreign companies). Foreign companies may perform international air transport services in accordance with the international agreements signed by the Republic and prior concession or authorization from the Executive Power.
For these purposes, the Executive Power will require:
1. That they establish an agent in the Republic.
2. That they constitute domicile for all legal purposes in the Republic.
3. That they expressly submit to national jurisdiction.
In the case of public international transport services, the concession or authorization granted must contain at least the same obligations as those imposed on national companies that provide similar services.[...]" (Aeronautical Code (Decree-Law No. 14.305 of 29.11.1974), last amended by Law No. 18.939 of 08.08.2012 [google translation])
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"Chapter III - Commercial Aviation [...]
Art. 32. (Personnel) - The personnel of the national air navigation companies must be composed entirely of Uruguayan citizens. At the beginning of the exploitation or for technical reasons, the aeronautical authority may exceptionally authorize a percentage of foreigners, for a period of time that will exceed two years [...]" (Decree No. 325/974 AERONAUTICAL POLICY STANDARDS. APPROVAL)
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CHAPTER II - PUBLIC AIR TRANSPORTATION SERVICES
Article 1-5
Article 5. (Concept).- Public air transport services are those whose purpose is the transport by air of passengers, baggage, mail or cargo, for remuneration. They can be internal or international, regular or non-regular.
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Article 1-35 (Requirements of national companies). National companies that provide the services established in Chapter II of these Regulations must meet the following requirements:
A) Its real and effective headquarters must be in the Republic;
B) The majority of the control and administration bodies must be exercised by persons with real domicile in the Republic;
C) If the entrepreneur is a natural person, he must be a Uruguayan citizen;
D) If it is a personal company, half plus one, at least of the partners, must be Uruguayan citizens with real domicile in the Republic and own the majority of the capital;
E) If it is a capital company (stock company or limited company by shares), the majority of the shares, to which corresponds the majority of the computable votes, must be nominative or book-entry and owned by Uruguayan citizens. with real domicile in the Republic or to public or private legal entities incorporated in the Republic and with real domicile therein, the latter being personal companies or capital companies with nominative or book-entry shares. Compliance with the previously detailed requirements will be permanently verified by the National Board of Civil Aeronautics. [...]" (Decree No. 39/977 AERONAUTICAL CODE. REGULATION OF SECTION II. CHAPTER II. TITLE IX)
Aeronautical Code (Decree-Law No. 14.305 of 29.11.1974), last amended by Law No. 18.939 of 08.08.2012 [google translation])
Decree No. 325/974 AERONAUTICAL POLICY STANDARDS. APPROVAL
Decree No. 39/977 AERONAUTICAL CODE. REGULATION OF SECTION II. CHAPTER II. TITLE IX)
[<a href="https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/codigo-aeronautico/14305-1974">Code</a>],[<a href="https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/05/06/2">Decree</a>],[<a href="https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/decretos/39-1977">Decree</a>]