The Bureau often learns about potential opportunities to cooperate with foreign agencies from immunity and leniency applicants.  Under the Immunity and Leniency Programs (https://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/04391.html) applicants are expected to provide their consent in the form of a waiver allowing the Bureau to communicate information with jurisdictions to which they have made similar applications for immunity or leniency.  In terms of the stage at which we cooperate, we typically contact a foreign agency as soon as we are aware they are investigating.  Other opportunities to cooperate stem from:  • regular senior-level bilateral meetings with international counterparts,  • regular contact with foreign counterparts at the officer level, and  • notifications made pursuant to formal cooperation agreements or arrangements.  • Proactive monitoring (e.g., media, agency websites).  See question G5Q14 for details about when the Bureau would share confidential information with a foreign competition agency.