Before exchanging Authority Confidential Information or Confidential Information, the FTC will have reached an understanding that the foreign authority will maintain the information in confidence and in accordance with that authority’s laws and rules. This may be through bilateral or multilateral co-operation agreements or arrangements, or other means. To share Confidential Information, parties or third parties provide a waiver. The FTC and DOJ have developed a Model Waiver, https://www.ftc.gov/policy/international/international-competition/international-waivers-confidentiality-ftc-antitrust.  In the absence of a waiver, the FTC or DOJ may share confidential information with their counterparts pursuant to a mutual assistance agreement under the International Antitrust Enforcement Assistance Act of 1994, 15 U.S.C. 6201, et seq. (“IAEAA”).  See 15 U.S.C. 6201 et seq. and response to G5Q14.