Telecommunications Act, 1997 (2053), in Section 31, allows interconnection among licensees, without implying that interconnection is mandatory. However, the same Act, in Section 52, authorizes Nepal Telecommunications Authority (NTA) to prepare and implement the guidelines on the subjects related to the interconnection; these guidelines mandate interconnection among licensees, thus covering both fixed and mobile market segment. Interconnection Guideline, 2008 (2065), in Section 4.1, mentioned Every Licensee has a duty to provide access to and interconnect with another Licensee on fair and reasonable terms and conditions. Interconnection Guideline, 2019(2076), which replaces Interconnection Guideline 2008, mentions, in Section 3.1, Every Licensee has a duty to provide access to and interconnect with another Licensee on the following terms and conditions in order to ensure seamless flow of traffic.... 