Prior to 2017, telecommunication services were considered natural monopoly and the tariffs were regulated. Currently, the scope of services subject to state regulation as natural monopoly had been reduced to leasing or use of cable ducts (https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V1900019098). Also, prices for subsidised universal connection services in rural areas are capped. Otherwise, prices for interconnection services are contractually determined by the operators. The law only provides that the interconnection tariff is a one-time fee reflecting the cost of work of the telecom operator (network owner) in connection with the provision of connection services, based on the reimbursement of economically justified costs and profits. Until 2024,  interconnection agreement with other operators was considered a public contract for dominant operators. Dominant operators were mandated to set equal traffic transmission and interconnection conditions to all operators. As from 2024, these requirements were expanded to all connecting operators. Standard interconnection terms for operators should be approved by the regulator.  However, the law does not mandate the approval of prices for access/interconnection. To note, standard form of the interconnection agreement for dominant operators, previously approved by the Government, was repealed in 2024. This standard form contract did not contain any price definition as well.