OBS_VALUE: Novelty of 2018 Advocacy and Legal Assistance Law is the regulation of legal consultants' activities, along with previously regulated advocates. Prior to 2018, legal consultants' activities were not regulated (except for general admission for persons with higher legal education to provide representation in civil and criminal law court cases, with criminal defense representation reserved for advocates). Under 2018 Law, legal consultants are required to obtain local authorisation (attestation) if they provide representation in court. Previously such attestation was not required. The attestation procedure includes a test aimed to verify applicant's knowledge of the RK legislation. To note, only citizens of Kazakhstan can become advocates in the RK.